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[2026/07/10] vol.14 数字版捉迷藏|《黎明杀机》Dead by Daylight
前言：《黎明杀机》（Dead by Daylight）是一款 1 对 4 非对称对抗恐怖游戏，玩家可扮演杀手或逃生者进行多人对战，游戏玩法为逃生者需要修理5台发电机并打开大门电闸逃生，杀手需要阻止发电机以及电闸被开启、抓获尽可能多的逃生者。在笔者看来，因其有着近似于儿童游戏的心理机制在运作，所以支撑其游戏乐趣的，是一种相当普遍存在于社会性生物中，近似于生存演练的原始游戏需求。
1.作为儿童游戏的捉迷藏
在完整进入到现代社会之前，捉迷藏（在其他文明中也叫做“鬼抓人”、或者“Hide-and-seek”）游戏是幼年孩童游戏中相当常见的一种游戏形式。并且不单单局限于人类，家猫、狗、以及极少部分动物同样会进行这种类似于伪装躲避、捕猎演练的游戏性行为，并不单纯是为了娱乐，同样有着出于生存所必须的技能演练这样的需求存在。
回到游戏《黎明杀机》之中，游戏的主要流程便是不断以非常近似于儿童游戏的方式，对游戏中进行不规则对抗的双方重复进行着“躲藏-逃跑-营救”——“寻找-追捕-警戒”的行为循环。
2.躲藏，追逐与对抗
游戏中角色身份由“逃生者”与“杀手”两方构成，其对战人数比通常为1:4（因在限定活动中，有着8位逃生者对战2位杀手的游戏模式）。游戏主要围绕对抗双方，直接支配的或间接可以支配的三种资源类型而展开：进度资源；时间资源；对抗资源。
2.1进度资源
这里主要指为了完成游戏，对抗双方所必须争夺的、直接相关于游戏进程的资源——需要被修理的发电机、需要被开启的电闸。如果以游戏以胜利作为最终目的来进行，那么“逃生者”与“杀手”的活动主要是围绕着进度资源而进行的，“逃生者”需要待在特定位置长时间以完成修理电机的动作，杀手需要在各个发电机之间巡逻动作以避免发电机被开启。因此“逃生者”一方推进进度资源的能力，直接影响到整局游戏的时间长短，并间接影响到其他资源的消耗情况。因此，进度资源的倾向为利好逃生者一方的资源类型。
需要注意的是在特定条件下：对局中幸存逃生者人数过低时（4人模式下需要仅幸存1人，8人模式下约为3人）/出口电闸被杀手关闭时。为了对逃生者一方进行补偿，游戏将会开启地窖闸门，当前对局中剩下的逃生者只需要找到并进入地窖即可完成特殊的胜利条件，此胜利条件与屠夫玩家的胜利可相互兼容。因此在这种特殊条件下，地窖也被视为一种特殊的进度资源类型，它同样可以被“逃生者”与“杀手”进行交互，“逃生者”以交互来完成本局逃生，“杀手”则可以通过主动关闭地窖来禁止逃生者以这种途径胜利（即便杀手一方未关闭地窖也不会产生额外的负面效果）。
（在更为特殊的情况下，杀手一方退出游戏时本局游戏将视为逃生者获胜，因此在现实的游戏进程中，也有逃生者通过高超的操作与意识，来使对抗的杀手因为心态恶化或者是其他理由而放弃对抗，进而退出游戏这样的方式来赢得游戏这样的极为特殊胜利方式，该方式所对应的资源消耗不在本次讨论的范围之中）
2.2时间资源
时间资源是指游戏双方为了完成其目的，整局游戏进程所对应的时间尺度量值。逃生者一方推进进度资源的耗时越短、效率越高，双方所可供支配的时间资源越少；逃生者一方推进进度的耗时越长、效率越低，双方可供支配的时间资源越多。因此，时间资源的倾向为利好杀手一方的资源类型。在理论上，无论逃生者玩家可以拖延多么长的时间资源，只要进度资源(发电机/电闸/地窖)未被完成，游戏结果都将会是杀手一方的胜利。而产生游戏乐趣的部分，通常为时间资源-对抗资源两者的相互转化。
2.3对抗资源
对抗资源是指可被消耗的、不可被消耗的，逃生者与杀手双方都会受到其影响的其他资源类型。游戏中逃生者用以牵制杀手的木板、用来翻越以拉开距离的窗口、用来躲避的红色柜子、用来下跃的垂直高台、可以翻找随机道具的物资箱子、是可供躲藏隐蔽的草丛，甚至是逃生者负伤状态都属于这种对抗资源；其中特定杀手的能力所产生的物品效果同样属于这个分类之中，例如：设陷者（特殊能力为放置夹子的经典杀手）的陷阱夹子、贞子的电视与磁带、威斯克的药剂等等...因为游戏本身是以不规则对抗的形式进行，所以单一逃生者在被单一杀手追逐时，利用对抗资源所争取到的时间，将视队友推进进度的能力来转化为进度资源。此时我们可以看出，当场上仅剩一位逃生者与一位杀手时，逃生者一旦被追逐，将几乎完全失去推进进度资源的能力，这也是游戏进一步完善地窖机制来开放额外胜利条件的出发点之一。
玩家双方的所有行为，都一定程度上影响着三种资源的转化。在逃生者一方例如：逃生者玩家放置木板牵制了杀手一定时间——暂时消耗了“木板”，对抗资源减少——其他逃生者在修理发电机，进度资源增加——整局游戏实际可能的预期耗时将会降低，时间资源减少。在杀手一方例如：杀手暂时捕获了一位逃生者——逃生者负伤倒地，其生命值对应的对抗资源减少——其他逃生者对其营救会占用维修发电机的时间，进度资源减少——整局游戏实际可能的预期耗时将会增加，时间资源增加。
3.恐怖与脱敏
《黎明杀机》在笔者看来并非严格意义上的恐怖游戏，因为其主要的乐趣并不是通过营造恐怖氛围或者是通过惊吓来完成。而是通过游戏设计的规则深度，来使玩家从体验轻度的恐怖来逐步完成对于规则驾驭的这一完整流程的转化。在游戏中重复地体验相近形式的恐怖有助于玩家完成对应形式的心理脱敏。例如对于新手玩家而言游戏营造出了被追逐的恐惧（心跳音效紧凑，杀手步步逼近的压迫感，随时受伤的可能），但是对于熟练玩家而言更接近于一种特殊的游戏博弈方式，这种博弈方式使得熟练玩家可以接受自己在游戏中被击倒、抓获的结果，通过衡量此前自己牵制了杀手多长时间，争取到了多少进度资源而定。在重复的游玩过程中，游戏的乐趣从“感官刺激”逐步向“认知竞技/认知对抗”的方式进行转化
4.结语-情感补偿与安全感重塑
综上所述，在笔者看来黎明杀机通过其围绕着逃生者与杀手的寻回游戏，主要作用于一种特定的秩序感的建立。通常定义下的恐怖游戏其核心内容是面对未知的威胁、不可抗力、不稳定的环境。《黎明杀机》则是通过恐怖的游戏表层内容来完成对于恐怖要素的克服以及印象转化，逃生者玩家随着经验可以稳定地增长其对于规则的认知与运用，例如：
· 逐渐可以分辨出心跳声所代表的杀手远近距离
· 更加熟练地利用板子、窗户等地图资源争取时间
· 了解到不同杀手的特性与优劣对抗环境
· 知道发电机的大致分布、甚至是地窖逃生通道的刷新位置
游戏自身通过建立认知地图方式，来完成对于黑暗、未知等原始恐惧的消解，游戏中的逃生者通过成功应对恐惧情境来获得掌控感，完成心理免疫机制。杀手一方则是通过对于资源和领地的守护与追猎，补足了其对于掌控、威慑等概念的需求。通过玩家可以自由选择所想要扮演的身份这一设计，其内核或可被视为一种高度仪式化、规则化了的“恐怖要素的成人捉迷藏”，以提供给无法在现实中游玩儿童游戏的成年玩家（许多游戏中的躲猫猫模式也隐隐这种机制相近似，但限于篇幅不在本篇中过度展开）。
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以下英文版翻译由ai提供（The following English translation is provided by AI.）
[2026/07/10] vol.14 | Digital Hide-and-Seek | Dead by Daylight
Preface: Dead by Daylight is a 1-vs-4 asymmetrical competitive horror game in which players can take on the role of either the Killer or the Survivor for multiplayer matches. The gameplay involves Survivors repairing 5 generators and opening the exit gate switches to escape, while the Killer must prevent the generators and gates from being activated and capture as many Survivors as possible. In my view, because the game operates on a psychological mechanism closely resembling children's games, the enjoyment that sustains its gameplay stems from a primal gaming need that is quite prevalent among social creatures—something akin to survival drills.
- Hide-and-Seek as a Children's Game Before fully entering modern society, hide-and-seek (also known in other cultures as "tag" or "Ghost in the Yard") is a remarkably common form of play among young children. Nor is it limited to humans—domestic cats, dogs, and a very small number of other animals also engage in this kind of play behavior that mimics camouflage, avoidance, and hunting drills. It is not purely for entertainment; it also serves the need for skills practice essential to survival. Returning to Dead by Daylight, the game's core loop continuously repeats, in a manner very close to children's games, a behavioral cycle of "hiding-escaping-rescuing" for one side and "searching-chasing-guarding" for the other, within an asymmetrical competitive framework.
- Hiding, Chasing, and Confrontation The character roles in the game consist of two sides: "Survivors" and the "Killer," with the player count typically being 1:4 (though limited-time events may feature 8 Survivors vs. 2 Killers). The gameplay primarily revolves around three types of resources that the competing sides directly or indirectly control: Progress Resources; Time Resources; and Confrontation Resources. 2.1 Progress Resources This refers primarily to the resources that both sides must contest in order to complete the game, which are directly related to game progression—the generators that need repairing and the exit gates that need activating. If we consider victory as the ultimate goal, then the activities of both "Survivors" and the "Killer" revolve around Progress Resources. Survivors must remain in specific locations for extended periods to complete generator repairs, while the Killer must patrol between generators to prevent them from being activated. Therefore, the Survivor side's ability to advance Progress Resources directly affects the duration of the entire match and indirectly influences the consumption of other resources. Consequently, Progress Resources are a resource type that favors the Survivor side. It should be noted that under specific conditions—when the number of surviving Survivors falls too low (only 1 survivor remaining in 4-player mode, or approximately 3 in 8-player mode), or when the exit gate has been closed by the Killer—the game will open the Hatch as compensation for the Survivor side. The remaining Survivor(s) in the current match need only find and enter the Hatch to achieve a special victory condition, which is mutually compatible with the Killer player's victory. Thus, under these special conditions, the Hatch is also considered a special type of Progress Resource. It can be interacted with by both "Survivors" and the "Killer"—Survivors interact with it to escape the match, while the Killer can actively close the Hatch to deny Survivors this victory path (and closing the Hatch carries no additional penalty for the Killer even if they choose not to). (In even more exceptional cases, if the Killer quits the match, the game is considered a Survivor victory. Therefore, in actual gameplay, there are extremely rare instances where Survivors, through superb skill and game sense, cause the opposing Killer to abandon the match due to deteriorating morale or other reasons, thereby winning by forcing the Killer to quit. The resource consumption associated with this method falls outside the scope of this discussion.) 2.2 Time Resources Time Resources refer to the overall duration of the match that both sides have at their disposal to achieve their objectives. The shorter the time and higher the efficiency with which the Survivor side advances Progress Resources, the fewer Time Resources both sides have available; conversely, the longer and less efficient the Survivor side's progress, the more Time Resources both sides possess. Therefore, Time Resources are a resource type that favors the Killer side. In theory, no matter how long the Survivor players can prolong the match, as long as the Progress Resources (generators/gates/hatch) remain incomplete, the match outcome will ultimately favor the Killer. The enjoyment of the game often arises from the mutual conversion between Time Resources and Confrontation Resources. 2.3 Confrontation Resources Confrontation Resources refer to other types of resources that can be consumed or are non-consumable, and that affect both Survivors and the Killer. In the game, the pallets Survivors use to hinder the Killer, windows used to vault and create distance, red lockers used for hiding, vertical drops used for descending, supply boxes that can be searched for random items, grass patches that provide concealment, and even Survivors' injured states—all of these fall under Confrontation Resources. The item effects produced by specific Killer abilities also belong to this category—for example, the Trapper's (a classic Killer whose special ability is placing bear traps) traps, Sadako's televisions and tapes, Wesker's vials, and so on. Because the game operates within an asymmetrical competitive framework, when a single Survivor is being chased by the Killer, the time they buy by utilizing Confrontation Resources will be converted into Progress Resources depending on their teammates' ability to advance objectives. From this, we can see that when only one Survivor and the Killer remain, once that Survivor is chased, they almost entirely lose the ability to advance Progress Resources—which is one of the starting points for the game to further refine the Hatch mechanism and offer an alternative victory condition. All actions taken by players on both sides influence the conversion among these three types of resources to varying degrees. On the Survivor side, for example: a Survivor drops a pallet to delay the Killer for a certain amount of time—this temporarily consumes the "pallet," reducing Confrontation Resources—while other Survivors repair generators, increasing Progress Resources—and the match's expected duration decreases, reducing Time Resources. On the Killer side, for example: the Killer temporarily captures a Survivor—the Survivor is downed, reducing their health-related Confrontation Resources—other Survivors' rescue attempts will occupy time that could have been spent repairing generators, reducing Progress Resources—and the match's expected duration increases, increasing Time Resources.
- Horror and Desensitization In my view, Dead by Daylight is not a horror game in the strict sense, because its primary enjoyment does not come from creating a terrifying atmosphere or delivering jump scares. Instead, through the depth of its game design rules, it guides players from experiencing mild horror to gradually mastering the full process of rule navigation. Repeatedly experiencing similar forms of horror in the game helps players develop psychological desensitization to those specific stimuli. For example, for novice players, the game creates the fear of being chased (intensifying heartbeat sound effects, the oppressive sense of the Killer closing in, the constant threat of injury). But for experienced players, it becomes more akin to a specialized form of strategic play. This strategic approach allows skilled players to accept being downed or captured, evaluating the outcome based on how much time they managed to buy for their team and how many Progress Resources they secured. Through repeated play, the game's enjoyment gradually transitions from "sensory stimulation" to "cognitive competition/cognitive confrontation."
- Conclusion—Emotional Compensation and Restored Sense of Security In summary, from my perspective, Dead by Daylight primarily functions through its "seeking and finding" gameplay centered on Survivors and the Killer to establish a specific sense of order. Horror games in the conventional sense are defined by confronting unknown threats, uncontrollable forces, and unstable environments. Dead by Daylight, by contrast, uses its surface-level horror elements to enable players to overcome and transform their impressions of those very horror elements. With experience, Survivor players can steadily enhance their cognitive understanding and application of the rules—for example:
- Gradually learning to distinguish the Killer's distance based on the intensity of the heartbeat sound.
- Becoming more skilled at using pallets, windows, and other map resources to buy time.
- Understanding the characteristics of different Killers and the favorable or unfavorable matchups against them.
- Learning the general distribution of generators, and even the spawn locations of the Hatch escape route. The game achieves the dissolution of primal fears—darkness, the unknown, and so on—by establishing cognitive maps. Survivors gain a sense of mastery by successfully responding to fear-inducing situations, completing a psychological immunization mechanism. The Killer side, meanwhile, through guarding their territory and resources and engaging in pursuit, fulfills their needs for control, deterrence, and dominance. Through the design that allows players to freely choose which role to embody, the core of the game can be seen as a highly ritualized, rule-bound, "horror-themed adult version of hide-and-seek"—offering adult players who can no longer play such games in real life a space for that experience (many games' "hide-and-seek" modes echo similar mechanics, but due to space constraints, this will not be expanded upon here).
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