Charles Ischir Defontenay, Star (Psi Cassiopeia): The Marvelous History of One of the Worlds of Outer Space, first published in 1854, adapted by P. J. Sokolowski, Encino, California: Black Coat Press, 2007, page 237.
For an overview of the conceptualization of narrative units, see Jan Christoph Meister, “Narrative Units”, in Routledge Encyclopedia of Narrative Theory, edited by David Herman, Manfred Jahn, and Marie-Laure Ryan, London, England, and New York, New York: Routledge, 2005, pages 382–384.
Although this may be the first time the term “narrative fabric” is used, this extension of the metaphor of narrative threads has been suggested by others; for example, Eugène Vinaver described the alternating themes of interlace narrative as needing to “alternate like threads in a woven fabric, one theme interrupting another and again another, and yet all remaining constantly present in the author’s and the reader’s mind.” As quoted in Carol J. Clover, The Medieval Saga, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1982, page 143, which cites page 76 of Vinaver’s The Rise of Romance (Gloucestershire, England: Clarendon Press, 1971) as the source of the quote.
Although it is often the degree of invention, rather than the amount, that creates conflicts; a narrative fabric could be woven, for example, about the intersecting lives of a hundred characters living in New York City over several decades, producing a dense and detailed narrative fabric which does not become a secondary world.
For a look at how simultaneity was dealt with in Icelandic and medieval sagas, see the “Simultaneity” chapter in Carol J. Clover, The Medieval Saga, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1982, pages 109–147.
From J. R. R. Tolkien, “In the House of Tom Bombadil!” in The Fellowship of the Ring, New York: Ballantine Books, 1965, page 181.
It should also be noted here that narrative resolution depends on the level of narrative we are considering; while the preceding passage is a very low-resolution version of the history of the Barrow-downs, the passage is at the same time also a summary of what Bombadil is telling the hobbits, which involves less compression.
From a letter to Sir Stanley Unwin, reprinted as Letter 129 in Humphrey Carpenter, editor, The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1981, page 142.
From the “Introductory Note” in 1951 Second Edition of The Hobbit, as reprinted in Douglas A. Anderson, annotator, The Annotated Hobbit, Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1988, page 322.
From a letter to Sir Stanley Unwin, reprinted as Letter 24 in Humphrey Carpenter, editor, The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1981, page 29.
Michael O. Riley, Oz and Beyond: The Fantasy World of L. Frank Baum, Lawrence, Kansas: The University Press of Kansas, 1997, page 104.
Ibid., page 133. Riley’s comment that the later Oz novels were weaker appears on page 171.
For example, Jean Webster’s novel Just Patty (1911) is a prequel to her earlier book When Patty Went to College (1903).
As Internet searches of the terms reveal, “interquel”, “intraquel”, and “midquel” have all been independently invented a number of times since the mid-1990s, with all three terms being used interchangeably to suggest the same thing. This is why I propose “midquel” as a more general term, and “interquel” and “intraquel” as two specific and different types of midquels.
Mario Puzo, The Sicilian, New York, New York: Random House, 1984, page 354 in the paperback edition.
Pages 303 and 304, to be precise. Technically speaking, The Lord of the Rings extends a bit beyond the events of The Silmarillion, if one includes the timeline in Appendix B, which gives two pages’ worth of events into the Fourth Age.
Thanks to Sean Malone for calling my attention to The Last Ringbearer.
The order of first public appearance of sequence elements can also differ from the order in which an author created them; for example, C. S. Lewis’s seven books that make up The Chronicles of Narnia have a different order of creation, order of publication, and order in which they take place (see Chapter 6).
Michael O. Riley, Oz and Beyond:The Fantasy World of L. Frank Baum, Lawrence, Kansas: The University Press of Kansas, 1997, page 141.
Ibid., pages 152–153.
Ibid., page 134.
Ibid., page 135.
Ibid., page 137.
Jenkins writes, “Television and film producers often express the need to maintain absolute fidelity to one definitive version of a media franchise, fearing audience confusion. Comics, on the other hand, are discovering that readers take great pleasure in encountering and comparing multiple versions of the same characters.” From Henry Jenkins with Sam Ford, “Managing Multiplicity in Superhero Comics: An Interview with Henry Jenkins” in Pat Harrigan and Noah Wardrip-Fruin, editors, Third Person: Authoring and Exploring Vast Narratives, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2009, page 307.
Although sometimes earlier works do not receive the retconning they clearly need. For example, in the novelization of Star Wars that came out in late 1976 before the movie, during the scene in which Ben Kenobi gives Luke his lightsaber, the text reads: “Your father’s lightsaber,” Kenobi told him. “At one time they were widely used. Still are, in certain galactic quarters.” Since by the end of Episode III Kenobi, Yoda, Anakin, and the Emperor are the only ones left who have lightsabers, they cannot be “widely used” anywhere; this line of dialogue did not appear in the movie, but was part of the extra material added for the novelization. From the Star Wars novelization, credited to George Lucas (though ghostwritten by Alan Dean Foster), New York, New York: Ballantine Books, 1976, page 79.
Some, though, like Philip Jose Farmer’s Wold Newton Family stories or Alan Moore’s League of Extraordinary Gentlemen series, combine characters from other sources but have their stories set in the Primary World or some version of it, rather than an original imaginary world.
The use of Yoyodyne as a background detail on Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987–1994) comes from the film The Adventures of Buckaroo Bonzai Across the 8th Dimension (1984), although the name itself originally comes from the fictional aerospace company in Thomas Pynchon’s novels V. (1963) and The Crying of Lot 49 (1966).
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morley_(cigarette) for a list of shows in which Morley cigarettes have appeared. The list even includes The Dick Van Dyke Show (1961–1966), thought to be the earliest appearance of Morley cigarettes.
King’s eighth Dark Tower book, The Wind Through the Keyhole (2012), is an interquel which takes place between books four and five of the series.
Regarding the retroactive linking of Baum’s worlds, Riley writes about Baum’s sense as a businessman: [Baum’s]suggestion in 1915 to his publishers that their reissue of his “Laura Bancroft” book BABES IN BIRDLAND under his own name include the subtitle “An Oz Fairy Tale.” In his opinion, this connection would give it the appeal of his Oz stories and lead to larger sales. Quite rightly, I believe, his publishers felt that this might be perceived as deceptive and that the connection to Oz could be made in the advertising of the books. Thus, Baum never then pulled his Bancroft world into his larger fantasy world.
Anthony Flack, as quoted in Dave Morris and Leo Hartas, The Art of Game Worlds, New York, New York: HarperCollins, 2004, page 174.
See especially the work of Roger Schank, Marie-Laure Ryan, Jesper Juul, Brenda Laurel, Janet Murray, and Chris Crawford.
Other LEGO video games, like those based on the Indiana Jones and Batman franchises, are very similar in their activities—running, jumping, climbing, beating up enemies, picking up studs—to the LEGO Star Wars games, but in different attire.
Jon Carroll, “Guerillas in the Myst”, Wired magazine, 2.08, August 1994, page 72.
See John Knoll, Creating the Worlds of Star Wars 365 Days, New York, New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 2005, pages 123, 149, 146, 147 in particular.
J. W. Rinzler, The Making of Star Wars Revenge of the Sith, New York, New York: Del Rey Books, 2005, page 50.
Ibid., pages 167 and 200, respectively.
The same can be said for other extradiegetic material pertaining to a world, such as advertising, merchandising, and so forth. As Pat Harrigan and Noah Wardrip-Fruin point out, “Everyone of a certain age (and their parents) knows what an Ewok is, but the word Ewok is never used in Return of the Jedi (1983), the movie in which they appear; the information was transmitted via the spin-off toys, comics, cartoons, and books.” From Pat Harrigan and Noah Wardrip-Fruin, editors, Third Person: Authoring and Exploring Vast Narratives, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2009, page 23.
From letter 342, to Mrs. Meriel Thurston, on November 9, 1972, in Humphrey Carpenter, editor, The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1981, page 422.
评论区
共 条评论热门最新