如果回到这项概念被提出的原始文本,不难发现杰里米·边沁最初在1787年写成的文章《圆形监狱(Panopticon: or the Inspection House)》显然是作为一份说明书出现的——那是一项提案,一次设计,一份乌托邦式的畅想(严格意义上说,杰里米·边沁的弟弟萨缪尔·边沁是“圆形监狱”的首次提出者,他观察到了俄罗斯工厂当中的“中心视察原则(central inspection principle)”。后来杰里米·边沁化用了这项原则到他的监狱提案中。);而福柯在约200年后写成的《规训与惩罚》则是作为一份诊断书的姿态面世。
改良道德,保护健康,振兴工业,普及教育,减轻公共负担……这些通过一个简单的建筑理念就都可以实现!(Morals reformed-health preserved-industry invigorated-instruction diffused-public burthens lightened-Economy seated, as it were, upon a rock-the gordian knot of the Poor-Laws not cut, but untied-all by a simple idea in Architecture!)
……一个自由公民的自由精神和活力,是否会被士兵的机械纪律,或僧侣式的苦修所取代?——这种高度精巧的发明,其结果是否可能是制造出了一套近似人类的机器?……在这样的准则下,幸福究竟是增加了还是减少了?——叫他们士兵也罢,叫他们僧侣也罢,叫他们机器也罢:只要他们幸福,我就不会在乎。
...whether the liberal spirit and energy of a free citizen would not be exchanged for the mechanical discipline of a soldier, or the austerity of a monk? - and whether the result of this high-wrought contrivance might not be constructing a set of machines under the similitude of men? ...Would happiness be most likely to be increased or diminished by this discipline? - Call them soldiers, call them monks, call them machines: so they were but happy ones, I should not care.
在纸上,这项方案永远是有效和有力的。20世纪的激进建筑师团体创造过大量富于张力的讽喻性寓言,这些图像故事当中许多都找得到“全景敞视主义”直接或间接的影子。譬如在超级工作室(Superstudio)的《12个圣诞节警世故事(Twelve Cautionary Tales for Christmas)》(也译作“十二座理想之城”)的第一个《2000吨之城》。
Foucault, M. (1979). Discipline and Punish : The birth of the prison (Social theory). New York: Vintage Books.
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Miller, J. (1993). The passion of Michel Foucault. New York: Simon & Schuster.
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Bentham, J. (1791). Panopticon, or, The inspection-house : Containing the idea of a new principle of construction applicable to any sort of establishment, in which persons of any description are to be kept under inspection : And in particular to penitentiary-houses, prisons, houses of industry ... and schools : With a plan of management adapted to the principle : In a series of letters, written in the year 1787 ... (Goldsmiths'-Kress library of economic literature ; no. 14964). London: Reprinted and sold by T. Payne.
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Le Bon, G. (2009). The Crowd :A Study of the Popular Mind. S.l.: The Floating Press.
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'The more strictly we are watched, the better we behave', leaflet produced by the Bentham Project (UCL, 2010)
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A. Brunon-Ernst, Beyond Foucault: New Perspectives on Bentham's Panopticon (Farnham, 2013)
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P. Schofield, Bentham: A Guide for the Perplexed (London: Continuum, 2009)
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Visitors' Guide, Kilmainham Gaol
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Superstudio, Twelve Cautionary Tales for Christmas, 1971
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Nietzsche, Friedrich. (2016). The Geneology of Morals: With Linked Table of Contents. N.B.N.
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Nietzsche, F., & Kaufmann, W. (1966). Beyond good and evil; prelude to a philosophy of the future. New York: Vintage Books.
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Arendt, Hannah. The Human Condition. Charles R. Walgreen Foundation Lectures. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958.
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Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, and J. B. Baillie. The Phenomenology of Mind. 2d Ed., Rev. and Cor. Throughout. ed. Muirhead Library of Philosophy. London : New York: Allen & Unwin ; Humanities, 1966.
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Conference with Foucault on Punitive Society, 1964
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